Europe(Page 2)

Latest in Europe

A Russian general is in Venezuela with about 120 troops training and advising Venezuelans according to Ukrainian intelligence.
Russia

Russian General In Venezuela Leading Advisory Mission: Ukraine’s Intel Chief

By Howard Altman

Posted on Nov 19, 2025

Russia’s Sukhoi Su-57 Felon is benefiting from lessons learned in the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, according to the head of the country's state-run defense conglomerate Rostec.
Russia

Su-57 With New Upgrade Options, Russia Claims First Foreign Delivery Has Already Occurred

By Joseph Trevithick

Posted on Nov 19, 2025

The Yantar, a notorious Russian spy ship, directed lasers at the crews of U.K. Royal Air Force aircraft in waters off the north of Scotland, the British government said today.
Russia

Russian Spy Ship Targets Royal Air Force Jets With Laser

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Nov 19, 2025

Key Trump nominee blasts BIden decision to allow Ukraine to use ATACMS in Russia.
Russia

Ukraine’s Claimed ATACMS Strike In Russia Signals Major Shift In U.S. Policy (Updated)

By Howard Altman, Tyler Rogoway

Posted on Nov 19, 2025

WARSAW, POLAND - NOVEMBER 17: (----EDITORIAL USE ONLY - MANDATORY CREDIT - THE CHANCELLERY OF THE PRIME MINISTER OF POLAND (KPRM) /X ACCOUNT/ HANDOUT' - NO MARKETING NO ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS - DISTRIBUTED AS A SERVICE TO CLIENTS----) Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk and Polish Interior Minister Marcin Kierwinski inspect the damaged railway tracks on the Warsaw-Lublin route in Poland on November 17, 2025. Damage caused overnight on the intercity Warsaw-Lublin rail line near the village of Mika was an act of sabotage, Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk posted on US social media company X on Monday.
NATO

Polish Rail Sabotage Blamed On Russia

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Nov 18, 2025

Russia is increasingly using a new Iranian Shahed drone against Ukrainian troops.
Russia

Russia Now Using Iranian Shahed-107 Drones To Strike Beyond The Front Lines

By Howard Altman, Tyler Rogoway

Posted on Nov 18, 2025

Boeing, Saab, and BAE Systems have teamed up to offer the T-7A Red Hawk advanced jet trainer to the United Kingdom’s Royal Air Force. With a plan to build the jets in the United Kingdom, the partnership aims to deliver a successor to the Royal Air Force’s current fleet of BAE Systems Hawks from 2030.
United Kingdom

T-7 Red Hawk Jet Trainer Offer To United Kingdom Includes Local Assembly

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Nov 18, 2025

In its latest efforts to modernize its air force, Ukraine has signed a letter of intent to buy up to 100 Dassault Rafale multirole fighters from France over the next 10 years. Today’s agreement comes less than a month after Sweden and Ukraine unveiled a plan to export as many as 150 Gripen E fighters to Kyiv. While the Rafale is the most advanced combat aircraft so far included in Ukraine’s defense plans, there remain huge questions about whether the acquisition of one of these aircraft types, let alone two, is really feasible, especially in such numbers.
NATO

Ukraine’s Questionable Plan To Buy Up To 100 Rafale Fighters

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Nov 17, 2025

For the first time, Ukraine has presented footage that purportedly shows its extended-range Long Neptune cruise missile in action.
Ukraine

Ukraine’s Long Neptune Cruise Missile Seen in Action For The First Time

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Nov 14, 2025

French authorities have provided the first real look at the latest version of the Air-Sol Moyenne Portee (ASMP; or Medium-Range Air-to-Surface) ramjet-powered, nuclear-armed cruise missile.
Europe

France’s New Nuclear-Armed Supersonic Cruise Missile Seen Clearly For The First Time

By Joseph Trevithick

Posted on Nov 13, 2025

Russia has created a new military branch, called the Unmanned Systems Forces, to oversee drone operations, development and testing.
Russia

Russia Creates New Military Branch Dedicated To Drone Warfare

By Howard Altman

Posted on Nov 13, 2025

The Dutch Ministry of Defense has announced that NATO nations have dropped their plan to buy Boeing E-7A Wedgetail as its next airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) platform. The decision comes after South Korea rejected the E-7 for its own AEW&C program and would appear to open the door to Saab’s rival GlobalEye, which France has already said it intends to buy.
NATO

E-7 Wedgetail Radar Jet Procurement Plans Axed By NATO

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Nov 13, 2025

A battlefield commander in Ukraine gives. us exclusive insights into the fighting in Pokrvosk and its effect elsewhere on the battlefield.
Russia

Battlefield Commander In Ukraine Details Russia’s Increasing Frontline Pressure

By Howard Altman

Posted on Nov 12, 2025

Imagery has been published providing a rare look inside the weapons bays of one of the prototypes of Russia’s Su-57 Felon new-generation fighter. While internal weapons carriage is a key design feature of the Sukhoi jet, the main weapons bays, at least, haven’t been seen in such detail, with weapons loaded. The footage comes as Moscow embarks on another export drive for the Su-57, which has reportedly so far only been ordered by Algeria.
Russia

Su-57 Felon Brandishes Its Loaded Weapons Bays For The First Time

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Nov 10, 2025

The best images we’ve seen so far of the German Luftwaffe’s PEGASUS signals intelligence (SIGINT) aircraft reveal key details of the airframe adaptations made to the Bombardier Global 6000 bizjet platform it’s based on. The photos were shared with TWZ by @CorreaPhtgphy, who captured them earlier this year at Abilene, Texas.
Germany

Our Best Look At Germany’s New PEGASUS Surveillance Jet

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Nov 7, 2025

The U.K. Royal Navy flagship, HMS Prince of Wales, is now carrying 24 F-35B fighters — the largest number to go aboard either of the U.K’s two aircraft carriers. This is a significant achievement for the British F-35 force, which has long faced questions about the feasibility of deploying a meaningful number of the short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) jets at sea — without U.S. Marine Corps aircraft making up the numbers.
NATO

British Carrier Hosts Largest Number Of F-35Bs On A Ship Ever

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Nov 7, 2025

A key aspect of the Trump administration's Golden Dome missile defense initiative is ensuring America's ability to launch retaliatory nuclear strikes, the nominee to become the next head of U.S. Strategic Command (STRATCOM) has stressed.
Russia

Golden Dome Missile Shield Key To Ensuring Nuclear Second Strike Capability: U.S. Admiral

By Joseph Trevithick

Posted on Nov 6, 2025

MOSCOW, RUSSA - SEPTEMBER 02: The warhead cruise missili (1977) on display during an exhibition titled "70 Years of the Atomic Industry: A Chain Reaction of Success" organised by Rosatom agency at Manege Central Exhibition Centre in Moscow, Russia, on September, 02,2015. (Photo by Sefa Karacan/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images)
Russia

Experts Explain How Long It Would Take Russia To Resume Nuclear Weapons Detonation Tests

By Howard Altman

Updated on Nov 5, 2025

A high-ranking Russian official said Moscow recently delivered air defense systems to Venezuela.
Russia

Moscow Just Gave Venezuela Air Defenses, Not Ruling Out Strike Missiles: Russian Official

By Howard Altman

Posted on Nov 4, 2025

A group of men run on the tarmac during the opening ceremony of the European F-16 Training Center at the 86th Romanian Military Airbase in Fetesti, Romania, on November 13, 2023.
NATO

Romania Just ‘Bought’ 18 F-16s For One Euro

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Nov 4, 2025

Photoex with NH90 due to com-testing at sea outside Bodø.
NATO

Norway’s Sorry NH90 Helicopter Saga Finally Comes To An End

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Nov 3, 2025

Russia has used its ground-launched 9M729 cruise missile to strike targets in Ukraine multiple times in recent months. This is the conclusion of Ukrainian Foreign Minister Andrii Sybiha and it also tallies with reports from independent analysts who have been tracking the use of the missile, the original deployment of which led to the United States walking away from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces, or INF, Treaty in 2019.
Russia

Russia’s Treaty-Busting Screwdriver Cruise Missile Used Against Ukraine: Officials

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Oct 31, 2025

Russian forces have finally entered Pokrovsk after more than a year of bloody assaults.
Russia

Russian Forces Finally Break Through Into Key Eastern Ukrainian Stronghold

By Howard Altman

Posted on Oct 29, 2025

A Ukrainian attack on a Russian dam has impeded logistics in the north.
Russia

Ukrainian Attack On Russian Dam Impeding Moscow’s Logistics In The North

By Howard Altman

Posted on Oct 28, 2025

NATO member Lithuania today authorized the shooting down of balloons that cross the border from Russia’s ally Belarus, after as many as 66 balloons were spotted by Lithuanian radar overnight. The Lithuanian government has described the balloon incursion as a “hybrid attack” and has closed its border with Belarus — temporarily, to start with.
Baltic Sea

Lithuania Will Shoot Down Balloons Crossing Border From Belarus After Dozens Detected Overnight

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Oct 27, 2025

Russia has said that it conducted the long-awaited test of its mysterious Burevestnik cruise missile last week, claiming that it flew for 8,700 miles. The missile, claimed to be nuclear-powered, is said to have remained in the air for around 15 hours. For the time being, we don’t know if those statements are factually accurate and, moreover, details about how the missile actually works remain very scarce. However, the claimed test has led to boasts about the missile’s performance from Russian President Vladimir Putin, while his U.S. counterpart, Donald Trump, called upon Putin to end the war in Ukraine “instead of testing missiles.”
Russia

Skyfall Nuclear-Powered Cruise Missile Long-Range Test Claimed By Russia

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Oct 27, 2025

We may well have seen the first evidence of a Russian glide bomb kit combined with a motor, providing these notorious weapons with a significant boost in range. The latest version of the weapon is reportedly designated UMPK-PD, in which the P suffix very likely denotes Dalniaya, for long range, and looks set to be another serious challenge for Ukraine’s air defenses.
Russia

Russia Is Now Launching Jet-Powered Glide Bombs At Ukraine

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Oct 23, 2025

Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson (R) and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky walk past a Gripen fighter jet after they delivered a joint press conference in Linkoping, Sweden, on October 22, 2025, after talks on Russia's ongoing of aggression against Ukraine and the countries' deepening defense cooperation. Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson said on october 22 that Sweden and Ukraine had signed a letter of intent to develop air capabilities, which could see Ukraine buy up to 150 Gripen fighter jets.
Ukraine

Huge Gripen Fighter Order Letter Of Intent Signed By Ukraine

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Oct 22, 2025

Germany is offering Canada to join its Type 212CD submarine program, alongside Norway, as part of a broader defense cooperation that would more closely align Berlin and Ottawa. Canada badly needs a replacement for its aging and troublesome Victoria class diesel-electric submarines, and, in turn, Germany is looking to procure potentially significant numbers of special-mission aircraft from Canada’s Bombardier.
Germany

Submarine Partnership Pitched By Germany And Norway To Canada

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Oct 22, 2025

jAS 39 E
NATO

Gripen E Fighter Officially Joins The Swedish Air Force

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Oct 21, 2025

The Swedish Defense Materiel Administration (FMV) recently awarded Saab with the contract, worth around $276 million and covering the period from 2025 to 2027. As well as the FMV, Saab will work with the Swedish Armed Forces, the Swedish Defense Research Agency, GKN Aerospace, and other industry partners.
NATO

Sweden Pushes Ahead With Future Fighter Program

By Thomas Newdick

Updated on Oct 20, 2025

A Russian strategic nuclear forces (SNF) officer inspects a launching tube in the launching center of intercontinental ballistic missiles 20 March 1992 in Drovjanaja, near Cita, in Siberia. The strategic nuclear forces of the Russian Federation consist of ground intercontinental ballistic missiles (IBM) stationary, and also mobile, earth and railway variants of basing, sea and aviation strategic nuclear arms.
Russia

Soviets Tested ICBM Silo Defense System That Showered Incoming Warheads With Clouds Of Metal Darts

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Oct 17, 2025

Not every lesson in Ukraine is applicable to U.S. Army aviation a top general told us.
Ukraine

The Lessons U.S. Army Aviation Is Learning From The War In Ukraine

By Howard Altman

Posted on Oct 16, 2025

Shahed 136
Russia

Russia Is Using Modified Shahed-136s To Strike Dynamic Targets Near The Front Lines

By Howard Altman, Tyler Rogoway

Posted on Oct 13, 2025

Vladimir Putin claimed Russia will beef up its air defenses to meet the threat from Tomhawk Land Attack cruise missiles provided to Ukraine should that happen.
Russia

Tomahawks For Ukraine Talk Elicits New Response From Putin

By Howard Altman

Posted on Oct 10, 2025

The First Corps Azov Chief of Staff offers his exclusive insights into the battle to stop Russia's biggest advance in a year.
Russia

Inside The Fight To Stop Russia’s Biggest Battlefield Advance In A Year

By Howard Altman

Updated on Oct 9, 2025

VAMPIRE Live Fire 2025
Ukraine

Entire Family Of VAMPIRE Counter-Drone Systems Unveiled

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Oct 9, 2025

Germany's leader is pushing for permission to shoot down threatening drones.
Germany

German Cabinet Approves Law To Shoot Down Threatening Drones

By Howard Altman

Posted on Oct 8, 2025

A Ukrainian drone hit the cooling tower of the Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant in Russia, the latest in a series of incidents at nuclear plants in the region.
Russia

Russian Nuke Plant Latest To Suffer War-Inflicted Damage

By Howard Altman

Posted on Oct 7, 2025

An employee holds a miniature of a 70mm rocket during a visit to the Thales production site in Herstal, on October, 3 2025. The company has also inaugurated a new ammunition production line at this site. Production has increased fivefold in recent years to meet the needs of the armed forces. (Photo by VIRGINIE LEFOUR / Belga / AFP) / Belgium OUT (Photo by VIRGINIE LEFOUR/Belga/AFP via Getty Images)
NATO

Thales Anti-Drone Rockets Now Being Used In Ukraine

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Oct 7, 2025

Ukraine has unveiled a new version of its Neptune cruise missile, which appears to have added fuel tank 'bulges' for increased range.
Ukraine

New ‘Bulged’ Neptune Cruise Missile Variant Emerges In Ukraine

By Joseph Trevithick

Posted on Oct 7, 2025

The Ukrainian city of Kramastorsk was hit by a fiber-optic-controlled FPV drone for ther first time.
Russia

Russian Fiber-Optic Drones Are Now Reaching Into Ukrainian Cities Deep Behind The Lines

By Howard Altman, Tyler Rogoway

Posted on Oct 6, 2025

Denmark intelligence claims Russia is threatening its warships as part of a hybrid war against NATO.
Northern Europe

Russia’s Hybrid War Against NATO Ramping Up: Danish Intelligence

Howard Howard Altman

Posted on Oct 3, 2025

Ukrainian officials are in Washington this week to hammer out details of a potential $50 billion drone deal.
Russia

Ukraine Deep In Talks To Sell U.S. Millions Of Drones

By Howard Altman

Posted on Oct 3, 2025

Reports indicate that the United States has agreed to provide Ukraine with targeting intelligence for its long-range missile strikes against Russian energy infrastructure. For many months now, Ukraine has been waging a campaign to degrade Russia’s oil industry, depriving it of critical resources for its offensive in Ukraine as well as revenue from energy exports.
Russia

U.S. To Give Ukraine Intel For Attacks On Critical Energy Targets In Russia: Reports

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Oct 2, 2025

Russia is using long-range drones to hit Ukrainian trains.
Russia

Russia Using Long-Range Drones To Attack Ukrainian Trains: Official

By Howard Altman

Updated on Oct 2, 2025

Authorities in Turkey say fishermen found an explosive-laden drone boat 900 miles away.
Russia

Explosive-Packed Ukrainian Drone Boat Found 900 Miles Away In Turkey

By Howard Altman

Posted on Sep 30, 2025

Ukraine says it hit a major factory inside Russia with Neptune missiles.
Russia

Neptune Cruise Missiles Used To Strike Factory In Russia: Ukrainian Navy

By Howard Altman

Updated on Sep 30, 2025

The German air defense frigate Hamburg is among several assets deployed to protect Copenhagen during a wave of mystery drones over Europe.
NATO

Frigate, Radars, Troops Rushed To Copenhagen To Defend Against Mystery Drones

By Howard Altman

Posted on Sep 29, 2025

U.S. President Donald Trump has changed his public tune on Ukraine and Russia.
Russia

Massive Change In Trump’s Stance On Russia Emerging

By Howard Altman

Posted on Sep 26, 2025

German defense startup Helsing has unveiled a new uncrewed combat air vehicle (UCAV), the CA-1 Europa. The company is targeting a first flight in 2027 for the UCAV, which looks very similar to the MQ-28 Ghost Bat. Boeing’s Australian subsidiary developed Ghost Bat first as a ‘loyal wingman’ drone for the Royal Australian Air Force, under the Airpower Teaming System. The U.S. Air Force has also now acquired at least one example ostensibly to support research and development and test and evaluation efforts.
Germany

Helsing’s CA-1 Drone Is An MQ-28 Ghost Bat Lookalike

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Sep 25, 2025

The Danish police are seen at Copenhagen Airport, in Kastrup near Copenhagen, on September 22, 2025. Danish police said on September 23, 2025 they did not know who was responsible for flying drones over Copenhagen airport the previous evening, but that they appeared to have been knowledgeable. "The number, size, flight patterns, time over the airport. All this together ... indicates that it is a capable actor. Which capable actor, I do not know," police inspector Jens Jespersen told reporters. The airport was closed for several hours before reopening early Tuesday, causing numerous delays and travel disruptions to 20,000 passengers, airport officials said.
NATO

Denmark Says Drone Incursions Were A Deliberate “Attack”

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Sep 23, 2025

The Navy’s SM-6 missile has become an all-star of multi-role capability and a shining example of how repackaging existing systems with some new tech can garner grand results. The missile can shoot down air-breathing threats like aircraft and cruise missiles, it can swat incoming ballistic missiles in the terminal phases of flight, it can attack sea targets, and it even has a latent land attack potential. It is also network enabled and can engage targets well beyond the sensor reach of its launch platform using telemetry data-linked from a third-party platform, like a jet fighter. It does all this over long ranges, reaching out over 150 miles from its vertical launch cell aboard American destroyers and cruisers.
Germany

Germany To Build Uncrewed Missile-Toting Arsenal Ships For Its Frigates

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Sep 23, 2025

In what it claims is the first such attack in history, Ukraine has used drones to strike a pair of Russian Navy Be-12 twin-turboprop amphibians. The raid appears to have destroyed two of the extremely scarce amphibians, potentially halving the number of airworthy airframes available to Russia and leaving a question mark over its future service.
Ukraine

Ukrainian Drones Strike Russia’s Rare Be-12 Flying Boats

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Sep 22, 2025

Among the highlights of the recent Defense and Security Equipment International (DSEI) 2025 exhibition held in London was a new tank destroyer from Lockheed Martin and Germany’s Rheinmetall. The Fuchs JAGM, based on a well-established 6×6 armored vehicle, and armed with no fewer than 24 missiles, reflects a growing interest in anti-tank warfare, spurred in part by lessons of the war in Ukraine.
Germany

Fuchs JAGM Tank Destroyer Packs 24 Missiles Into A Single Vehicle

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Sep 20, 2025

Three Russian MiG-31 Foxhounds intruded into Estonian airspace.
Eastern Europe

Russian MiG-31s Busting Estonian Airspace Has Eastern Europe On Edge

By Howard Altman

Posted on Sep 19, 2025

Spectacular imagery showing military aircraft punching out flares is, by now, fairly familiar, but no less worth looking at. Much rarer, however, is to see a civilian airliner design doing the same thing. In this case, the Boeing 737 jetliner is in Polish Air Force service, but the captures are certainly highly unusual and bring attention to a lesser-known aspect of this aircraft, and other governmental and privately owned jets that are similarly outfitted with self-protection systems.
NATO

Boeing 737 Countermeasure Flare Release Captured In Stunning Photos

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Sep 19, 2025

Cracks seem to be appearing in the pan-European Future Combat Air System (FCAS) program, at the heart of which will be crewed New Generation Fighter (NGF). Reports now suggest that Germany, one of the two major partners in FCAS, is looking at how it might kick France out of the program, amid long-running misgivings over workshare arrangements.
Germany

Germany Considers Split From France On Next Generation Fighter

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Sep 19, 2025

NATO is testing an airship to see if it can provide maritime domain awareness.
Europe

Bus-Sized Uncrewed Airship Being Tested By NATO As Maritime Surveillance Platform

By Howard Altman, Tyler Rogoway

Posted on Sep 18, 2025

Spain recently launched the first of its new F110 class frigates, also known as the Bonifaz class. This impressive warship is notable for its combination of high-end anti-submarine warfare and anti-air warfare functions on what is a relatively small hull. As such, it makes a very interesting comparison with the U.S. Navy’s troubled Constellation class, which has grown in weight, amid questions about the level of capabilities that it offers.
NATO

All You Need To Know About Spain’s New F110 Frigate

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Sep 17, 2025

AIM-120 AMRAAM
Eastern Europe

Poland Investigating Whether Its F-16’s AIM-120 Missile Destroyed A Home

By Howard Altman

Updated on Sep 17, 2025

Image of a Royal Air Force Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft, seen here flying over RAF Lossiemouth. In a training flight conducted over the Moray Firth a Poseidon (P-8A) aircraft operated by 120 Sqn, based at RAF Lossiemouth, dropped a recoverable exercise variant of the Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo, simulating an attack on a submarine. At just under 3m long and 32cm in diameter, the Mk 54 torpedo is small and light enough that five can be carried in the Poseidon's internal weapons bay. the high-explosive warheads on the live torpedoes pack a devastating punch sufficient to destroy enemy submarines that the Poseidon crew can locate and track using state-of-the-art equipment. The successful release of a torpedo is the latest milestone in the rapid development of the Poseidon in RAF service. Five Poseidon MRA1s are based at RAF Lossiemouth with a further four set to be delivered by the end of this year. The station, which is situated in close proximity to one of the aircraft's most frequent area of operations, is benefiting from a multi-million pound investment programme bringing significant economic benefits to the Highlands & Islands and Morayshire communities. The Poseidon is fitted with advanced, state-of-the-art, Anti-Submarine Warfare and Anti-Surface Warfare sensors which will provide global protection to UK, NATO and our Allies' submarines and warships in an increasingly dangerous world.
NATO

British P-8 Poseidon Flies Unusual Overland Mission Along Polish Border

By Thomas Newdick, Howard Altman

Posted on Sep 15, 2025

Royal Danish Air Force F-16 Fighting Falcons fly off the wing of a U.S. Air Force B-52H Stratofortress, assigned to the 20th Expeditionary Bomb Squadron, during a Bomber Task Force Europe 25-1 mission over the U.S. European Command area of responsibility, Nov. 15, 2024. Multinational exercises enhance interoperability with NATO forces, strengthening the collective ability to respond to global threats.
NATO

Fighters, Frigate To Help Defend Poland From Drones Under New NATO Operation

By Thomas Newdick, Howard Altman

Posted on Sep 12, 2025

An Italian Air Force F-2000 Eurofighter Typhoon flies a routine presence patrol mission over the U.S. Central Command area of responsibility, Feb. 6, 2025. Close collaboration with partner nations improves interoperability, ensuring rapid crisis response and sustained operations to protect vital mutual interests in the AOR.
NATO

Drone-Killing APKWS Laser-Guided Rockets Eyed For Eurofighter Typhoon

By Thomas Newdick

Posted on Sep 12, 2025